Mosquitoes Through History

Mosquitoes Through History No man or beast has caused more human deaths than the dreaded mosquito. Scientists estimate that malaria alone has killed about one half of all the humans who have ever lived on Earth. With the diseases these vectors transmit including dengue, encephalitis and yellow fever, the mosquito is responsible for millions of deaths every year. It is no surprise that the World Health Organization declared these pests as "public health enemy number one." Because of the lethal potential the mosquito possesses, its influence in the course of history cannot be ignored. From the time of the early civilizations to the time of the two world wars, and until now when medical technology is improving in leaps and bounds, the mosquito remains a formidable enemy, becoming even deadlier in time.However, its integration in our history is not limited to its effects to human society; human history itself is at the root of mosquito's lethality.Plasmodium sporozoite traverses the cytoplasm of a...Scientists the orize that prior to the development of human villages, mosquitoes were much less of a threat to humans than in later periods. Aside from the relatively small number that interact with humans before contact with more concentrated settlements, the disease parasites they carried were less potent, and early humans had greater resistance to these parasites. However, at around the same time humans adopted a more settled way of life, conditions were ripe for a mosquito population boom. In time, the diseases they carried evolved, at a more rapid rate than our resistance to them. Because mosquitoes were biologically more resilient than humans, and because their great numbers favored natural selection, the mosquitoes have eluded our attempts to lessen their population or develop a definitive cure for their diseases. As humans improved insecticides, mosquitoes enhanced their resistance; as new medications for diseases were developed, the viruses...

Spelling Variations

Spelling Variations Spelling Variations Spelling Variations By Mark Nichol This post discusses several factors responsible for variations in spelling, with examples. For much of the history of the English language, spelling was more an art than a science; because of lapses in literacy, there was no standard orthography. Even now, well into the twenty-first century, thanks to ignorance and laziness (and some intentional slangy sabotage), misspelling is rampant, so many people are unaware, for example, that alot is not an acceptable synonym for many or that definitely, not defiantly, is what you write when you mean â€Å"most assuredly.† Some valid reasons for alternate spellings exist, however. One annoying but hopelessly entrenched cause of spelling variations can be blamed on American lexicographer and spelling reformer Noah Webster, who advocated diverging from English orthography in favor of a uniquely American (but frustratingly inconsistent) spelling system. Fortunately, many of his suggestions failed to catch on, but others prevailed, so that now we have such international discrepancies as defense/defence, honor/honour, meter/metre, and realize/realise. (See this post for a more detailed discussion with more examples.) Often, writers in the United States are unclear on the distinction, so that we see, for example, judgement instead of judgment, or grey when gray is correct. This kind of thing can get confusing when, for example, an exception is made for glamour but not glamorous and glamorize, or when woolen is spelled as such but woolly takes a different form because of the adverbial inflectional ending. Another complicating factor is when the British English spellings centre and theatre are employed in signage for venues in the United States. It’s easy enough, though distracting, for someone raised to read American English to understand written British English, and vice versa. But many international businesses publish materials reflecting both systems to distribute to various global audiences as appropriate, and book publishers have been known to change from one to the other when creating new editions of already published books. (I know this because I’ve been the one responsible for making or checking the changes in both contexts.) However, it’s nearly impossible to catalog (or is it catalogue?) the distinctions (though one can try). Spelling can also vary based on context. For example, antennae and antennas are both correct, but the appropriate spelling depends on the subject matter (anatomical and technical, respectively), and the plural of appendix can be treated appendixes or appendices. (See this post for more examples.) Another type of variation is one based on informal usage: Donut as a variation of doughnut and thru as a truncation of through are valid in certain contexts, but careful writers will use the standard spellings in formal writing. The same goes for yes/yeah and no/nope; in each case, the second alternative has its place, but that place is only when slang is appropriate, as in dialogue. And nonstandard spellings like lite and nite are acceptable only for playful proper nouns (as in the name of a product or a venue.) In addition, spelling sherbet with an extra r (sherbert) may reflect the way the word is often pronounced, but that misspelling is just as egregious as the unholy union of alot and the misuse of defiantly. And spelling the term for a short-sleeved pullover top â€Å"tee shirt† ignores the fact that it was named for the shape of the garment when laid out flat and should therefore be styled T-shirt. Sometimes, older spellings of words persist, as when both analog and analogue or omelet and omelette are variably employed; in such cases (actually, in all cases) let the dictionary be your guide. (See this post for a list of such terms.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)When to Form a Plural with an ApostropheRunning Errands and Doing Chores

Research J 5.3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research J 5.3 - Essay Example The researcher must support with an explanation each item on the questionnaire what it is expected to measure. Face validity can take items by face value and exactly assess the face value. Some items can have lower face validity than what it appears to have. It involves the assessment of normal people in the field. Content validity involves the assessment of experts in the field, but it is non-empirical and judgmental (Adler & Clark, 2014). Reliability is measured by test-retest which is obtained by running the same test twice on the same test subject in a given period. The results from both tests are evaluated for test of stability over that period. Example, a test done for a particular crime can be retested in the occurrence of another similar crime. The correlation will give a stability score. Construct validity is assessment based on variables that are related. Construct validity carries weight when proof or of evidence is provided. Interrater reliability is used where results for one observer are strategically used in comparison with another using the same method. Interrater reliability is used when two or more measures are not reliable. They can compare correlatively those results using interrater (Maxifield & Babbie, 2012). A scale is defined as a measure of responding to a question, compilation of statements or questions used to respond to a concept studied. There are three types of attitudinal scaling used in criminal justice. Thurstone scale uses paired comparisons and equal appearing intervals methods to scale. Judges are given several pairs of questions and choose which would most fit the concept of study. The one picked most becomes part of the questionnaire. The judges are required to give a number scale on the strength of each question. The researcher then takes the questions that showed the strongest agreement from the judges. The weak questions are eliminated when

Marketing H.W Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing H.W - Essay Example The production department relies on consumer preferences when producing goods. Workers On the other hand, companies hire workers from the population. Labor plays an important role in production, processing, assembly and distribution. Furthermore, labor wage rates influence the location decision. The facility location has a significant impact on transport costs. When a facility is located far away from the market, the transport costs incurred when transporting goods to the market is high. When the facility is close to the market, the cost is reduced. It is for this reason that companies want to find the optimal location which will save transport cost. Companies thus consider the costs involved before making facility location decisions. Facility relocation involves moving a facility to a different location. Facility closing means that that facility stops being function completely. In the case of relocation, the company should be ready to cover the moving costs of workers who move to the new location, and plan for transport expenses for workers who wish to travel to the new facility every day. When a facility is closed, the human resource department should explain to workers the reasons behind and if possible hire some to other facility locations. In a supply chain, warehousing helps in distribution efficiency and marketing. Warehouses are included in the supply chain because they are used for receiving new inventory, storing inventory, packaging and shipping to customers. Modern warehousing has more roles other than stocking inventory especially economic and service benefits. These include offering value added services such as additional processing in addition to storage and delivery of products. The purpose of warehouses and distribution centers is to store goods before they are transported to the consumer. The emphasis is on maximizing the space available for storage. However, the emphasis of distribution centers is the fast movement of goods through the

Scarlett Letter Feminist Criticism Essay Example for Free

Scarlett Letter Feminist Criticism Essay While Hawthorne is influenced by stereotypes, The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne does serve to criticize patriarchy as he creates a plausible individual who is strong in the face of patriarchal opposition. Hester turns her punishment into a life changing experience by becoming a better, stronger, and more independent person than she was at the beginning of the novel. The way she handles her punishment does not make it right but it did make her a strong woman to be admired. It is when Hester takes on the task of owning the punishment all on her own that she shows she is a feminist well efore her time. She does not do what is expected of women during the time in which the story takes place. Hester demonstrates that she is strong in the face of patriarchal oppression and the scrutiny of the community in which she lives. Hawthorne writes â€Å"But under the leaden inflictions which it was her doom to endure, she felt at moments, as if she must needs to shriek out with the full powers of her lungs. † (49) The town’s people are watching Hester so disapprovingly that she is tempted to scream out at them, but Hester remains silent hile the whole town is looking down upon her and her infant child because of her sin of adultery. Hester would not let the people see her as weak or show how it humiliated her to be standing before the crowd with the letter A embroidered upon her bosom. It is here Hester shows such strength and courage, at a time when women were thought of as weak. Hawthorne continues to write, â€Å"Speak out the name! That, and thy repentance, may avail to take the scarlet letter off thy breast. † â€Å"Never! Replied Hester Prynne. † (58) It is here that Hester refuses to answer the Reverend Mr.  Wilson, as is expected of her, when the head of church ask her to name thy baby’s father. Women were expected to obey men of authority and for Hester to refuse to name her baby’s father, shows that she is very strong even in the presence of authority and will not be submissive. She holds steadfast in keeping quiet and not naming the baby’s father and therefore taking on the punishment all on her own, as she will not speak out the father’s name as demanded of her. It is through her silence that Hester showed great inner strength and does not succumb to how she was feeling on the inside. Hawthorne tells us â€Å"It may seem marvelous, that this woman should still call that place her home. † and further writes â€Å"With the world before her,-kept by no restrictive clause of her condemnation† â€Å"free to return to her birthplace, or to any European Land. † (67) Once Hester’s confinement is over she is free to leave town, but she stays and makes a home for her and her daughter Pearl. Hester of her own free will did not flee when she was free to go. Instead of leaving where she would have been free from judgments and ridicule, she chooses to stay and face her punishment. It is ecause Hester chooses to face her punishment alone and remains adamantly silent when asked to name her baby’s father, that she is strong in the face of patriarchal oppression and authority. Hester quietly takes up a productive place in the oppressive society in which she lives. Hawthorne describes how Hester provides for herself and her child by saying â€Å"She possessed an art that sufficed, even in a land that afforded comparatively little scope for its exercise, to supply food for her thriving infant and herself. † (68) It is because of Hester’s fine sewing skills that she is able to provide an income for her and Pearl. Hester’s needlework is so delicate and beautifully done that women of court or those of wealth sought her out for their intricate embroidery needs. Hawthorne shows us how Hester is charitable when he says â€Å"Hester bestowed all her superfluous means in charity, on wrenches less miserable than herself and who not infrequently insulted the hand that fed them. Much of her time, which she might readily have applied to better efforts of her art, she employed in making coarse garments for the poor. † (70) This proves that even though the people in her community shunned her, Hester was kind hearted and willingly o help those less fortunate than her, even when they would insult her and talk among themselves behind her back. Hester did not have much in ways of means, but she selflessly gives her time and efforts to make clothes for the poor. Hawthorne tells us how Hester mothers her daughter Pearl when he writes â€Å"In this little lonesome dwelling, with some slender means that she possessed, and by the license of her magistrates† â€Å"Hester established herself with her infant child. † (68) Hawthorne further writes â€Å"She early sought to impose a tender, but strict, control over the infant immortality that was ommitted to her charge. † (76) Hester is mindful of her own faults in life that she is careful not to be too strict and to show tenderness to her child. Sometimes not knowing how to mother, Hester would stand aside and let Pearl act on her own accord and let her become her own person. Hester with her sewing skills, her charitable deeds for the poor and raising Pearl on her own shows how she quietly takes up a productive place in the oppressive society in which she lives. Even though the towns people continued to look down on Hester, she did not let it stop her from living her life and he lping others in need. Hawthorne creates a plausible individual in his central character, Hester Prynne as she is not the typical Puritan woman and goes against the grain and what is expected of her. Hawthorne shows us how Hester is self-reliant when he states â€Å"What others might seek in vain, or because Hester really filled the gap which must otherwise have remained vacant; it is certain that she had ready and fairly requited employment for as many hours as she sees fit to occupy her needle. † (69) Hester shows that she does not need a man in her life to provide for her and her baby. She is self reliant, when women of her day were dependent upon their husbands to provide for all their needs. She works hard and works as long as she needs to provide the necessities that she and Pearl need all on her own. Hawthorn demonstrates Hester’s bravery by standing up for herself when he writes â€Å"I can teach my little Pearl what I have learned from this! Answered Hester Prynne, laying her finger on the red token. Women it is thy badge of shame! Replied the magistrate. It is because of the stain which the letter indicates that we would transfer thy child to others hands. (92) Hawthorne further says â€Å"God gave me that child! Cried she. He gave her in requital to all else, when ye had taken from me. She is my happiness! -she is my torture, none the less! Pearl keeps me in life! † (94) Women were not to speak out against authority especially male authority, but Hester stands up for herself and defends why Pearl should not be taken away from her care. This shows great bravery and her deep love for her child. Hester shows personal strength everyday during her punishment when Hawthorne writes â€Å"When strangers looked curiously at the scarlet letter,- and none ever ailed to do so,- they branded it fresh into Hester’s soul: so that, oftentimes, she could scarcely refrain, yet always did refrain, from covering the symbol with her hand. † (72) When ever Hester was to walk into town those who did not already know her would stop and stare at the letter upon her chest. Even though Hester wanted to hide the shame of the letter she did not, she forced herself not to cover the letter and to carry on. It is because of Hester’s strong will that she is able to face her punishment everyday, wearing her sin bravely out in the open. She did not let it stop her from living her life and going about her daily routine or making a good life for her and her daughter Pearl. Women in Hester’s day would have been too weak to venture into town all by themselves, instead they would have chosen to stay hidden, as to not having to face their sin. Also, they would not have walked with their heads up, instead would have kept their heads down as to not see the stares upon them, the fingers pointing at them or to hear words of insult directed at them. They would have been too weak to handle the daily scorn as bravely as Hester did. In conclusion one can see how Hester is a plausible individual who is strong in the face of patriarchal opposition and authority. Women during this time were seen as fragile, submissive, totally dependent upon and controlled by the men in their lives. Hester proves that she is neither of the above mentioned. She alone provides for her child, she was not dependent on anyone, she stood up for herself when threatened to lose Pearl, she did not submit when asked over and over again to name her baby’s father. What should have made Hester weak and shameful only made her a stronger, and better erson who learned to be self-reliant. In the end Hester’s good deeds and the way she carried her punishment turned her sinful letter â€Å"A† for adultery, into a new meaning among the people in her community. The letter â€Å"A† was now redefined by society as someone who was â€Å"Abel† capable and strong. The way Hester handled her punishment made her a strong and independent woman who defied the way a women was expected to be and act during patriarchal times, she showed us over and over again how she was a feminist before her time and in the end she finds favor with the women folk who now sought her out for advice.

Nature vs Nurture in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Essay -- Mary Shelley

Philosophers and scientists alike have debated for centuries whether a person’s character is the result of nature or nurture. In the writings of Thomas Hobbes, it is expressed that humans are endowed with character from birth, and that they are innately evil in nature. John Locke’s response to this theory is that everyone is born with a tabula rasa, or blank slate, and then develops character after a series of formative experiences. The idea that true character is the result of experiences and societal interaction is a theme deeply explored throughout Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. Through different interactions with the monster, Shelley attempts to express that it is because of Victor’s failings as a parent and creator, because of the monster’s isolation, and because of society’s reaction to the monster that the monster has become evil. The monster’s character is a direct result of how he was nurtured, based on his experiences and circ umstances, rather than his being innately evil from â€Å"birth.† One of the most influential contributions in the formation of the monster’s character is Victor’s failure as a creator and a father. As a creator, Victor has the responsibility of providing for his creation, just as God provided for Adam and Eve. At the same time, Victor also falls under the role of a father, and should therefore seek to strengthen the familial bond between the two of them. However, Victor fails in both of these endeavors, because he cannot accept the monster in his deformity. â€Å"Frankenstein’s sole regret†¦ is that he did not create an aesthetically pleasing being† (Bond). Victor, due to his skewed vision of humanity, believes outer beauty to be a reflection of inner character, and that because of the monster’s hideous appe... ...tation.† The English Review Sept. 2009: 18+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 9 Jan. 2015. Lehman, Steven. â€Å"The Motherless Child in Science Fiction: Frankenstein and Moreau.† Science Fiction Studies 19:1 (Mar. 1992): 49-57. Rpt. In Children’s’ Literature Review. Ed. Tom Burns. Vol. 133. Gale, 2008. Literature Resource Center. Web. 9 Jan. 2015. Marcus, Steven. "Frankenstein: myths of scientific and medical knowledge and stories of human relations." The Southern Review 38.1 (2002): 188+. Literature Resource Center. Web. 9 Jan. 2015. Seabury, Marcia Bundy. "The Monsters We Create: Woman on the Edge of Time and Frankenstein." Critique 42.2 (Winter 2001): 131-143. Rpt. in Children's Literature Review. Ed. Tom Burns. Vol. 133. Detroit: Gale, 2008. Literature Resource Center. Web. 9 Jan. 2015. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. New York: Barnes & Noble, 2003. Print.

Sarees

Gharchola saris The Gharchola saris are among the most famous traditional wear of the women of the Indian state of Gujarat. This variety of silk saris has earned much popularity among the people from other regions of this country as well. The weaving technique of the Gharchola silk saris first came from the region around Cambay. These saris are first woven by using the silk and zari thread. Later they are either block printed or tie-dyed. The Gharchola saris of Gujarat are generally bought for weddings and other social and religious events.The most popular variety of this sari is one that comes in combination of red and white. A typical Gharchola sari is marked by the large zari checks that are found all over the sari. These checks carry small golden motifs. The most common motifs used in the Gharchola saris from Surat are those of peacocks, lotus, etc. Finally the Gharchola saris are dyed in the Jamnagar area of Gujarat. This is when the red color is added to the silk after the weav ing is completed. Jamnagar is preferred because of the quality of water in this place. Rajkot in Saurashtra is also an important place for these saris.The Gharchola silks are one of the most beautiful varieties of Surat saris. These saris are famous for the refined technique of weaving that is used. Maheshwari Sari Charming and elegant It has the quality of magnificence Pride of the owner It’s glamour personified! Once an exclusive privilege of the royalty has become an established Choice of the woman today. Conceived and designed by queen Ahilya Bai Holkar of Madhya Pradesh herself each Maheshwari Saree Conjures up a picture of royal Elegance. Majestic in its designs, it Is woven from silk and cotton fibres and embellished with gold zari.The Pallu is particulary distinct with its five stripes. Available in angoori (grape green), Gul bakhi (magenta), rani (deep Mauve Pink) and Raasini (light Violet) and famed for its reversible Border, that can be worn either Side, the royal Maheshwari is Vibrancy in an unadulterated from. Same as Chanderi Sarees which originate from Chanderi, Maheswari sarees originate from the town Maheshwar in Khargone district of Madhya Pradesh, India. This ancient town is situated on the banks for holy river Narmada Maheshwari fabric is known for its lightness, elasticity and fine thread count.In sharp contrast to the rich and heavy silken weaves of Kanjivaram, the silk and cotton mix of Maheshwaris is perfect to wear in the summer. Golden thread or Zari is also used to weave elegant motifs on the body, border and pallu of the sari. The most common patterns include brick, diamond, woven mat & Chameli flower patterns Gadwal sari Gadwal sari is a traditional sari made in Gadwal, Mahbubnagar district, India. [1] They are popular for their Zari saris. The local weavers are talented and weave the 5. 5 meters of saree fabric in such a way that it can be folded down to the size of a small match box.Gadwal Sarees have been very popular sin ce the 1930s. These are cotton sarees with an attached silk border and silk pallow. These sari features a fine cotton field which is weaved separately and later interlocked with borders and pallu made out of pure silk. This art of back-breaking or interlock weft technique is known as kupadam or Tippatiamu and hence the gadwal saris are locally called as Kupadam or Kumbbam Saris The sari is also said to have an influence of Banarasi weaving. The brocaded designs woven into the Gadwal saris represent south Indian cultural patterns.The motifs of the murrugan (peacock) and the rudraksh rule as the favorite along with the temple motif (Kutabham or Kotakomma). Other variations include mango design buttis all over body enriched by a dark contrast colour pallu having intricate geometric pattern zari design or self stripes design in body with zari buttis all over the sari field. Yellow, parrot-green, pink and beige are the mostly used colours. Pochampally Sari Pochampally Saree or Pochampall i Ikat is a saree made in Boodhan Pochampally, Nalgonda district, India. 1][2] They are popular for their traditional geometric patterns in Ikat style of dyeing. [3] The intricate geometric design find their way into the hands of skillful weavers and make it to the market as beautiful sarees and dress material. Pochampally sarees have been popular since 1800s. Pochampally Ikat uniqueness lies in the transfer of intricate design and colouring onto warp and weft threads first and then weave them together. The fabric is cotton, silk and sico – a mix of exquisite silk and cotton. Increasingly, the colours themselves are from natural sources and their blends.Pochampally, a cluster of 80 villages, has traditional looms, whose design is more than a century-old. Today this Silk City, which is more of a cottage industry, is home to more than 10000 weaving families in 100 villages. The fabric is marketed through the cooperative society and APCO, the master weavers and the business hous es in Pochampally. Pochampally does more than Rs. 1000000 Million annual business in terms of yarn sales, purchase of handloom products and sales. The government in 2010 divided the belt into two clusters Pochampally 1 and Pochampally 2, and is proving common weaving centres.Because of its unique design efforts are on to revive the dying art. Paithani Saris Paithani Saris not only give an elegant look but also adds royalty and thus most of the brides to be like to wear these heavily embellished paithani sarees on that auspicious day. Paithani Saris teamed up with the appropriate accessories, adds enormous grace and beauty. Paithani sari is known for its intricate weave of pure silk and gold. The paithani sari has played a significant role in weaving together the cultural fabric of Maharashtra.Paithani sari named after the Paithan region in Maharashtra state where they are woven by handmade from very fine silk, it is considered as one of the richest saris in Maharashtra. The Paithani sari is known the world over for its uniqueness. It is one of the most beautiful saris in the world. It’s beautifully crafted, with an exquisite zari border. The process of preparation of a Paithani sari can take a time period ranging from a month to years. It is because of these reasons that this sari is rather expensive. Paithani saris evolved from a cotton base to a silk base.Silk was used in designs and in the borders, whereas cotton was used in the body of the fabric. The Paithani silk saris are one of the richest gold brocade saris with stunning gold patterns woven in them. The zari used in the preparation of the sari is specially procured from Surat in Gujarat. It has an ornamental zari border and pallav, and buttis (little designs) of tara (star), mor (peacock), popat (parrot), kuyri (mango), rui phool (flower), paisa (coin), pankha (fan), kalas pakli (petal), kamal (lotus), chandrakor (moon), narli (coconut) and so on.Many of these innovative motifs and designs are found on the border and pallav in different sizes and patterns. Indian wears are popular because of its beauty of print, artwork, detailing of designs and quality of fabric soothing to skin of every wearer which adds glamour on every occasion. Since its inception in year 2000 at KK Handloom we are the leading suppliers of a variety range of Maharashtrian Sarees like Yeola Paithani, Brocket Paithani, Special Padar Paithani, Benarasi Silk Paithani sarees and many more at our Saree hub. The rich look in manufacturing with the fine quality fabric has attracted vendors all over the country.We at Kapse Paithani believes in quality delivering and complete customer satisfaction keeps range of traditional wears in all sizes and huge choice for colour adding charm and beauty to the wearer. Mainly in Maharashtra, Saree is the most elegant wear and the oldest form of women’s wearing, with the change of time a variety in its manufacturing and printing has been introducted. Here at Kapse P aithani team at the backend with their vast experience always strives to maintain the ethnic beauty of artwork with the modern touch of print.